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The article presents the results of a health assessment of children living in a specialized infant home in Tyumen. The children had entered care from disadvantaged social circumstances. The study examined the psychophysiological development of orphaned children raised in a specialized residential institution. Changes in anthropometric indicators showed reduced physical development among the residents, particularly those with an adverse medical history. Disharmonious and markedly disharmonious physical development were also more common. The examined otherwise healthy orphaned children aged one month to three years also showed delayed neuropsychological development, which was more pronounced in those with an adverse medical history. These findings have scientific and practical value for coordinating corrective interventions and developing individualized rehabilitation programs to improve the outcomes of comprehensive rehabilitation.